1. Object-Oriented Programming Model or Paradigm

Object-Oriented Programming is a model or paradigm to design and develop a program using classes and objects.

Object-Oriented Programming model simplifies the software development and maintenance and also code reusability and Optimization and It provides some concepts are

a) Class

A class is a specific pattern or prototype that describes the state and behavior of an object. It contains the collection of objects of the same type (i.e., variables or fields, functions or methods, and constructors, etc.).

The code syntax of a class in java language:-

[php]
public class Student {
private int age;
private String name;

Student(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public static void main(String args[]) {
Student s1 = new Student(23, "Adam");// creating an instance or object of
//Student with values
System.out.println(s1.age); // accessing member through reference variable
System.out.println(s1.name);

}
}
[/php]

Output:-

[php]
23
Adam
[/php]
The above student class contains two variables i.e., age and name, one parameterized constructor, and also getter and setter methods.

b) Object

An Object is an instance of a class or an image of a class and also called a class instance or class object.

An instance is a concrete existence or appearance of an object. It is synonymous with Object; this is also called an instance object. The creation of a case is called instantiation or construction and even destroyed by the destructors.

Everything is an object in a fully object-oriented paradigm or model.

Example: objects have a real-world identity like a car, book, and person etc.

An object contains state, behavior, and identity

• State specifies the information of an object.
• Behavior specifies the functionality of an object.
• Identity means the unique identification of an object for example auto-generated unique ID.

The code syntax of a Java language creating an object within a class:-

[php]
public class Student {
private int age;
private String name;

Student(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public static void main(String args[]) {
Student s1 = new Student(23, "Adam");// creating an instance or object of
//Student with values
System.out.println(s1.age); //accessing member through reference variable
System.out.println(s1.name);

}
}
[/php]

Output:-

[php]
23
Adam
[/php]

In the above example code, you can create a main() method inside the class. You can also create a main() method within or outside the class.

We are creating an object of the student i.e., st and accessing the data members through the reference variable called st.

Example for using main() method outside (another) the class:

[php]
public class Student {
private int age;
private String name;

Student(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
class outsideClass{

public static void main(String args[]) {
Student s1 = new Student(23, "Adam");// creating an instance or object of
//Student with values
System.out.println(s1.age);// accessing member through reference variable
System.out.println(s1.name);

}
}
[/php]

Output:-

[php]
23
Adam
[/php]

Also Read : How to Protect WebSites Against Attackers or Hackers by using “X-Security Headers”.

2. Important features of Object-oriented Programming:

a) Inheritance

When a child class (instance or object) owned all the data or information (i.e., variables or fields, functions or methods, and constructors, etc.) from the parent class.

Real world Example:- father and son relationship.

b) Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and information (fields, properties, constructors, and functions or methods) together into a single unit of class to protect the data from the outside the class is known as encapsulation.

For example, Medical capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

Real world Example:- class is the real-world example of encapsulation In Java, the bean class is the fully encapsulated class because all the data members (i.e., variables or fields, etc.) are private in the encapsulation.

c) Polymorphism

Polymorphism means the look and feels both are the same but the different functional capacity. In the short-term, it will be defined as a single task that can be performed in different ways.

For example, In Java method overloading and method overriding, both are used to achieve polymorphism.

Real world Example:- human being.
For example:-

• A man in a home can be behaviors as a father or son.
• A man in an office can be behaviors as an employee.
• A man in a city can be behaviors as a citizen.

d) Abstraction

Abstraction is a procedure where you can show only appropriate (Relevant or applicable) data and Suppress (hide) unnecessary details of an object from the user or termed as suppressing (Hidden) useless data or information from the users is called abstraction.

Real world Example:- Computer keyboard.

In the computer keyword, it shows only keys; it hides or suppresses inner parts, which are the circuit board, transistors, and chips, etc. it protects unnecessary information, Shows only useful functionality of the keyboard.

[Image:- Wikipedia]

Advantages of an object-oriented programming model

Object-Oriented Programming model has formidable advantages than another programming model, except some.

1. Object-Oriented Programs are easy to modify and maintain the existing code than other (Non-object-oriented) Programs.

2. Object-Oriented Programs are more Flexible than other (Non-object-oriented) Programs.

3. Object-Oriented Programming deals with objects; these objects can be easily optimized and reused.

Disadvantages of an object-oriented programming model

1. The object-oriented programming model mostly deals with objects. It is not suitable for representing non-objects.

2. Object-Oriented programs are much larger than other programs.

3. Object-Oriented programs require a lot of work and time to create.

4. Object-Oriented programs are slower than other programs, partially because of their size.

5. The standard and first problem with Object-Oriented is cross-cutting (concern) issue; this problem will be solved with the Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) model.

6. Any programming language or paradigm is not right in all situations. Every language or standard has its specifications and limitations, which is good or bad in some aspects; every programming model has its advantages and disadvantages.

7. Compare to other programming model or object-oriented paradigm model has tremendous advantages than other Programming models. But in some cases, the standard object-oriented programming model or language can’t deal to implement or solve the problem i.e cross-cutting concerns like the security that affects multiple implementation modules. Cross-cutting concerns are not suitable for Object-Oriented and other models like procedural programming etc.

8. If you are using Object-Oriented programming languages, cross-cutting-concerns are challenging to spot in a single class, and they are disorderly placed entire the code, and disordered structures are difficult to understand, implementation and solving.

9. Due to its limitations in various programming languages, cross-cutting concerns have not modularized, .but in some languages like Python, etc. Java uses AspectJ. AspectJ is an Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) extension for the Java programming language. It provides an Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) features to the java.

3. What is Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) model?

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is a programming model or paradigm. The main goal of this model is to increase modularity by allowing the division or partition of cross-cutting concerns.

i.e., It will be helpful to the programmers to Modularizing the Cross-Cutting Concerns with the help of the Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) model.

The main point of the Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is to encapsulate the cross-cutting concerns into aspects to maintain the modularity better than the previous methodologies or model. It can provide the privacy and reuse of code by addressing the cross-cutting concern.

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) split the programming Logic into similar parts called as concerns or specific relative area of functionality.

Cross-cutting concerns are referred to the piece of software that logically belong to one module and affect the entire system.

Example:- data transfer (transaction management), logging and security are the examples of the concerns.

Some more Examples are:-

• Business rules
• Caching
• Code mobility
• Data validation
• Domain-specific optimizations
• Error detection and correction
• Internationalization and localization which includes Language localisation
• Information security
• Memory management
• Monitoring
• Persistence
• Product features
• Real-time constraints
• Synchronization
• Transaction processing

The Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) can allow programmers to write modules called aspects. Instead of an object, AOP deals with issues.

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a) What is an ASPECT?

Aspects contain a piece of code that executed at a particular point. Or An Aspect is a specific part of the program that cuts through multiple objects.

The expressions required to select a particular point lead to the creation of Pointcut Expressions.

b) Pointcut

A pointcut is a set of join points. It controls the flow of a program (execution of a program). In Aspect-oriented programming (AOP), a set of join points is called a pointcut. Pointcut allows where exactly to apply advice or guidance; this enables the separation of concerns and helps in modularizing business logic. You can specify pointcuts using expressions or patterns etc.

Different frameworks support different Pointcut expressions; AspectJ syntax is considered as the de-facto standard. AspectJ is an Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension for the Java programming language. It provides AOP features to the java. Frameworks are available for various programming languages like Java, Perl, Ruby, etc.

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) supported languages are; python is fully object-oriented and also supports Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) (including by meta programming and meta-objects (magic methods)).

Java is also object-oriented and also supports Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) through AspectJ, AspectJ is the Aspect-oriented programming(AOP) extension for the Java programming language. It is available in Eclipse Foundation with the help of Eclipse IDE to implement Aspect-oriented programming (AOP). And frameworks like Spring it supports Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) features etc.

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